diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index ce9dbf95..b6ff7251 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ endfunction()
 
 # Define the fmt library, its includes and the needed defines.
 add_headers(FMT_HEADERS chrono.h color.h core.h format.h format-inl.h locale.h
-                        ostream.h printf.h time.h ranges.h)
+                        ostream.h prepare.h printf.h time.h ranges.h)
 set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc)
 if (HAVE_OPEN)
   add_headers(FMT_HEADERS posix.h)
diff --git a/include/fmt/chrono.h b/include/fmt/chrono.h
index dd146fd5..1926701f 100644
--- a/include/fmt/chrono.h
+++ b/include/fmt/chrono.h
@@ -372,15 +372,15 @@ template <typename Rep, typename Period, typename Char>
 struct formatter<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, Char> {
  private:
   align_spec spec;
-  internal::arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
+  typedef internal::arg_ref<Char> arg_ref_type;
+  arg_ref_type width_ref;
   mutable basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
   typedef std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> duration;
 
   struct spec_handler {
     formatter &f;
     basic_parse_context<Char> &context;
-
-    typedef internal::arg_ref<Char> arg_ref_type;
+    basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
 
     template <typename Id>
     FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(Id arg_id) {
@@ -388,6 +388,12 @@ struct formatter<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, Char> {
       return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
     }
 
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> arg_id) {
+      context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+      const auto str_val = internal::string_view_metadata(format_str, arg_id);
+      return arg_ref_type(str_val);
+    }
+
     FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(internal::auto_id) {
       return arg_ref_type(context.next_arg_id());
     }
@@ -410,7 +416,7 @@ struct formatter<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, Char> {
       -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
     auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
     if (begin == end) return begin;
-    spec_handler handler{*this, ctx};
+    spec_handler handler{*this, ctx, format_str};
     begin = internal::parse_align(begin, end, handler);
     if (begin == end) return begin;
     begin = internal::parse_width(begin, end, handler);
diff --git a/include/fmt/color.h b/include/fmt/color.h
index f38455a4..857d5d13 100644
--- a/include/fmt/color.h
+++ b/include/fmt/color.h
@@ -221,14 +221,13 @@ enum class emphasis : uint8_t {
 // We use rgb as name because some editors will show it as color direct in the
 // editor.
 struct rgb {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_)
-    : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL rgb(uint32_t hex)
-    : r((hex >> 16) & 0xFF), g((hex >> 8) & 0xFF), b((hex) & 0xFF) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL rgb(color hex)
-    : r((uint32_t(hex) >> 16) & 0xFF), g((uint32_t(hex) >> 8) & 0xFF),
-      b(uint32_t(hex) & 0xFF) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_) : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint32_t hex)
+      : r((hex >> 16) & 0xFF), g((hex >> 8) & 0xFF), b(hex & 0xFF) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(color hex)
+      : r((uint32_t(hex) >> 16) & 0xFF), g((uint32_t(hex) >> 8) & 0xFF),
+        b(uint32_t(hex) & 0xFF) {}
   uint8_t r;
   uint8_t g;
   uint8_t b;
diff --git a/include/fmt/core.h b/include/fmt/core.h
index 85503b4a..d95e98a3 100644
--- a/include/fmt/core.h
+++ b/include/fmt/core.h
@@ -454,9 +454,11 @@ template <typename Char>
 inline basic_string_view<Char>
   to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s) { return s; }
 
-template <typename Char>
+template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Allocator>
 inline basic_string_view<Char>
-  to_string_view(const std::basic_string<Char> &s) { return s; }
+to_string_view(const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Allocator> &s) {
+  return {s.data(), s.size()};
+}
 
 template <typename Char>
 inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(const Char *s) { return s; }
@@ -913,7 +915,8 @@ class basic_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
     next_arg_id_ = -1;
     return true;
   }
-  void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *message) {
     ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
diff --git a/include/fmt/format.h b/include/fmt/format.h
index 1bb24a52..3485f5f1 100644
--- a/include/fmt/format.h
+++ b/include/fmt/format.h
@@ -81,6 +81,15 @@
 # define FMT_SECURE_SCL 0
 #endif
 
+// Check whether we can use unrestricted unions and use struct if not.
+#ifndef FMT_UNRESTRICTED_UNION
+# if FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900 || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 406 || FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 303
+#  define FMT_UNRESTRICTED_UNION union
+# else
+#  define FMT_UNRESTRICTED_UNION struct
+# endif
+#endif
+
 #if FMT_SECURE_SCL
 # include <iterator>
 #endif
@@ -1104,6 +1113,7 @@ struct core_format_specs {
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR core_format_specs() : precision(-1), flags(0), type(0) {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has(unsigned f) const { return (flags & f) != 0; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has_precision() const { return precision != -1; }
 };
 
 // Format specifiers.
@@ -1585,70 +1595,83 @@ class specs_setter {
   basic_format_specs<Char> &specs_;
 };
 
-// A format specifier handler that checks if specifiers are consistent with the
-// argument type.
-template <typename Handler>
-class specs_checker : public Handler {
+template <typename ErrorHandler>
+class numeric_specs_checker {
  public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const Handler& handler, internal::type arg_type)
-    : Handler(handler), arg_type_(arg_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR numeric_specs_checker(ErrorHandler &eh, internal::type arg_type)
+      : error_handler_(eh), arg_type_(arg_type) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const specs_checker &other)
-    : Handler(other), arg_type_(other.arg_type_) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(alignment align) {
-    if (align == ALIGN_NUMERIC)
-      require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_align(align);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() {
-    check_sign();
-    Handler::on_plus();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() {
-    check_sign();
-    Handler::on_minus();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_space() {
-    check_sign();
-    Handler::on_space();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() {
-    require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_hash();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
-    require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_zero();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {
-    if (is_integral(arg_type_) || arg_type_ == pointer_type)
-      this->on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  }
-
- private:
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void require_numeric_argument() {
     if (!is_arithmetic(arg_type_))
-      this->on_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
+      error_handler_.on_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
   }
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_sign() {
     require_numeric_argument();
     if (is_integral(arg_type_) && arg_type_ != int_type &&
         arg_type_ != long_long_type && arg_type_ != internal::char_type) {
-      this->on_error("format specifier requires signed argument");
+      error_handler_.on_error("format specifier requires signed argument");
     }
   }
 
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_precision() {
+    if (is_integral(arg_type_) || arg_type_ == internal::pointer_type)
+      error_handler_.on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ErrorHandler &error_handler_;
   internal::type arg_type_;
 };
 
+// A format specifier handler that checks if specifiers are consistent with the
+// argument type.
+template <typename Handler>
+class specs_checker : public Handler {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const Handler &handler, internal::type arg_type)
+      : Handler(handler), checker_(*this, arg_type) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const specs_checker &other)
+      : Handler(other), checker_(*this, other.arg_type_) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(alignment align) {
+    if (align == ALIGN_NUMERIC)
+      checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_align(align);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_plus();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_minus();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_space() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_space();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() {
+    checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_hash();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
+    checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_zero();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() { checker_.check_precision(); }
+
+ private:
+  numeric_specs_checker<Handler> checker_;
+};
+
 template <template <typename> class Handler, typename T,
           typename Context, typename ErrorHandler>
 FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_dynamic_spec(
@@ -1702,28 +1725,52 @@ class specs_handler: public specs_setter<typename Context::char_type> {
   Context &context_;
 };
 
+struct string_view_metadata {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR string_view_metadata() : offset_(0u), size_(0u) {}
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR string_view_metadata(basic_string_view<Char> primary_string,
+                                     basic_string_view<Char> view)
+      : offset_(view.data() - primary_string.data()), size_(view.size()) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR string_view_metadata(std::size_t offset, std::size_t size)
+      : offset_(offset), size_(size) {}
+  template <typename S>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<internal::is_string<S>::value,
+                                        basic_string_view<FMT_CHAR(S)>>::type
+  to_view(S &&str) const {
+    const auto view = to_string_view(str);
+    return basic_string_view<FMT_CHAR(S)>(view.data() + offset_, size_);
+  }
+
+  std::size_t offset_;
+  std::size_t size_;
+};
+
 // An argument reference.
 template <typename Char>
 struct arg_ref {
   enum Kind { NONE, INDEX, NAME };
+  typedef Char char_type;
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(NONE), index(0) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(unsigned index) : kind(INDEX), index(index) {}
-  explicit arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> nm) : kind(NAME) {
-    name = {nm.data(), nm.size()};
-  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(NONE), val() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(unsigned index) : kind(INDEX), val(index) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(string_view_metadata name)
+      : kind(NAME), val(name) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref &operator=(unsigned idx) {
     kind = INDEX;
-    index = idx;
+    val.index = idx;
     return *this;
   }
 
   Kind kind;
-  union {
+  FMT_UNRESTRICTED_UNION value {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value() : index(0u) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(unsigned id) : index(id) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(string_view_metadata n) : name(n) {}
+
     unsigned index;
-    string_value<Char> name;  // This is not string_view because of gcc 4.4.
-  };
+    string_view_metadata name;
+  } val;
 };
 
 // Format specifiers with width and precision resolved at formatting rather
@@ -1768,8 +1815,7 @@ class dynamic_specs_handler :
  private:
   typedef arg_ref<char_type> arg_ref_type;
 
-  template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(Id arg_id) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(unsigned arg_id) {
     context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
     return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
   }
@@ -1778,6 +1824,14 @@ class dynamic_specs_handler :
     return arg_ref_type(context_.next_arg_id());
   }
 
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<char_type> arg_id) {
+    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    basic_string_view<char_type> format_str(
+        context_.begin(), context_.end() - context_.begin());
+    const auto id_metadata = string_view_metadata(format_str, arg_id);
+    return arg_ref_type(id_metadata);
+  }
+
   dynamic_format_specs<char_type> &specs_;
   ParseContext &context_;
 };
@@ -2138,14 +2192,14 @@ void handle_dynamic_spec(
   case arg_ref<char_type>::NONE:
     break;
   case arg_ref<char_type>::INDEX:
-    internal::set_dynamic_spec<Handler>(
-          value, ctx.get_arg(ref.index), ctx.error_handler());
-    break;
-  case arg_ref<char_type>::NAME:
-    internal::set_dynamic_spec<Handler>(
-          value, ctx.get_arg({ref.name.value, ref.name.size}),
-          ctx.error_handler());
+    internal::set_dynamic_spec<Handler>(value, ctx.get_arg(ref.val.index),
+                                        ctx.error_handler());
     break;
+  case arg_ref<char_type>::NAME: {
+    const auto arg_id = ref.val.name.to_view(ctx.parse_context().begin());
+    internal::set_dynamic_spec<Handler>(value, ctx.get_arg(arg_id),
+                                        ctx.error_handler());
+  } break;
   }
 }
 }  // namespace internal
@@ -3511,12 +3565,11 @@ operator"" _a(const wchar_t *s, std::size_t) { return {s}; }
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #define FMT_STRING(s) [] { \
-    typedef typename std::remove_cv<std::remove_pointer< \
-      typename std::decay<decltype(s)>::type>::type>::type ct; \
     struct str : fmt::compile_string { \
-      typedef ct char_type; \
-      FMT_CONSTEXPR operator fmt::basic_string_view<ct>() const { \
-        return {s, sizeof(s) / sizeof(ct) - 1}; \
+    typedef typename std::remove_cv<std::remove_pointer< \
+      typename std::decay<decltype(s)>::type>::type>::type char_type; \
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR operator fmt::basic_string_view<char_type>() const { \
+        return {s, sizeof(s) / sizeof(char_type) - 1}; \
       } \
     }; \
     return str{}; \
diff --git a/include/fmt/prepare.h b/include/fmt/prepare.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d00d8761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/fmt/prepare.h
@@ -0,0 +1,783 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - format string compilation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and fmt contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_PREPARE_H_
+#define FMT_PREPARE_H_
+
+#ifndef FMT_HAS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_TRAITS
+# define FMT_HAS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_TRAITS                                           \
+   (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 407 || FMT_CLANG_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VER)
+#endif
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+template <typename Char> struct format_part {
+ public:
+  struct named_argument_id {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR named_argument_id(internal::string_view_metadata id)
+        : id(id) {}
+    internal::string_view_metadata id;
+  };
+
+  struct argument_id {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR argument_id() : argument_id(0u) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR argument_id(unsigned id)
+        : which(which_arg_id::index), val(id) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR argument_id(internal::string_view_metadata id)
+        : which(which_arg_id::named_index), val(id) {}
+
+    enum class which_arg_id { index, named_index };
+
+    which_arg_id which;
+
+    FMT_UNRESTRICTED_UNION value {
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR value() : index(0u) {}
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR value(unsigned id) : index(id) {}
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR value(internal::string_view_metadata id)
+          : named_index(id) {}
+
+      unsigned index;
+      internal::string_view_metadata named_index;
+    }
+    val;
+  };
+
+  struct specification {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR specification() : arg_id(0u) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR specification(unsigned id) : arg_id(id) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR specification(internal::string_view_metadata id)
+        : arg_id(id) {}
+
+    argument_id arg_id;
+    internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> parsed_specs;
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part()
+      : which(which_value::argument_id), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(0u) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part(internal::string_view_metadata text)
+      : which(which_value::text), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(text) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part(unsigned id)
+      : which(which_value::argument_id), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(id) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part(named_argument_id arg_id)
+      : which(which_value::named_argument_id), end_of_argument_id(0u),
+        val(arg_id) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part(specification spec)
+      : which(which_value::specification), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(spec) {}
+
+  enum class which_value {
+    argument_id,
+    named_argument_id,
+    text,
+    specification
+  };
+
+  which_value which;
+  std::size_t end_of_argument_id;
+  FMT_UNRESTRICTED_UNION value {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value() : arg_id(0u) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(unsigned id) : arg_id(id) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(named_argument_id named_id)
+        : named_arg_id(named_id.id) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(internal::string_view_metadata t) : text(t) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(specification s) : spec(s) {}
+    unsigned arg_id;
+    internal::string_view_metadata named_arg_id;
+    internal::string_view_metadata text;
+    specification spec;
+  } val;
+};
+
+namespace internal {
+template <typename Char, typename PartsContainer>
+class format_preparation_handler : public internal::error_handler {
+private:
+  typedef format_part<Char> part;
+
+public:
+  typedef internal::null_terminating_iterator<Char> iterator;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_preparation_handler(basic_string_view<Char> format,
+                                           PartsContainer &parts)
+      : parts_(parts), format_(format), parse_context_(format) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char *begin, const Char *end) {
+    if (begin == end) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const auto offset = begin - format_.data();
+    const auto size = end - begin;
+    parts_.add(part(string_view_metadata(offset, size)));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id() {
+    parts_.add(part(parse_context_.next_arg_id()));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(unsigned id) {
+    parse_context_.check_arg_id(id);
+    parts_.add(part(id));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    const auto view = string_view_metadata(format_, id);
+    const auto arg_id = typename part::named_argument_id(view);
+    parts_.add(part(arg_id));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const Char *ptr) {
+    auto last_part = parts_.last();
+    last_part.end_of_argument_id = ptr - format_.begin();
+    parts_.substitute_last(last_part);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *on_format_specs(const Char *begin,
+                                            const Char *end) {
+    const auto specs_offset = to_unsigned(begin - format_.begin());
+
+    typedef basic_parse_context<Char> parse_context;
+    internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> parsed_specs;
+    dynamic_specs_handler<parse_context> handler(
+        parsed_specs, parse_context_);
+    begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, handler);
+
+    if (*begin != '}') {
+      on_error("missing '}' in format string");
+    }
+
+    const auto last_part = parts_.last();
+
+    auto specs = last_part.which == part::which_value::argument_id
+                     ? typename part::specification(last_part.val.arg_id)
+                     : typename part::specification(last_part.val.named_arg_id);
+
+    specs.parsed_specs = parsed_specs;
+
+    auto new_part = part(specs);
+    new_part.end_of_argument_id = specs_offset;
+
+    parts_.substitute_last(new_part);
+
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  PartsContainer &parts_;
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_;
+  basic_parse_context<Char> parse_context_;
+};
+
+template <typename Format, typename PreparedPartsProvider, typename... Args>
+class prepared_format {
+ public:
+  typedef FMT_CHAR(Format) char_type;
+  typedef format_part<char_type> format_part_t;
+  typedef internal::checked_args<Format, Args...> checked_args;
+
+  prepared_format(Format f)
+      : format_(std::move(f)), parts_provider_(to_string_view(format_)) {}
+
+  prepared_format() = delete;
+
+  std::size_t formatted_size(const Args &... args) const {
+    const auto it = this->format_to(counting_iterator<char_type>(), args...);
+    return it.count();
+  }
+
+  template <typename OutputIt>
+  inline typename std::enable_if<internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value,
+                                 format_to_n_result<OutputIt>>::type
+  format_to_n(OutputIt out, unsigned n, const Args &... args) const {
+    format_arg_store<typename format_to_n_context<OutputIt, char_type>::type,
+                     Args...>
+        as(args...);
+
+    typedef truncating_iterator<OutputIt> trunc_it;
+    typedef output_range<trunc_it, char_type> range;
+    range r(trunc_it(out, n));
+    auto it = this->vformat_to(
+        r, typename format_to_n_args<OutputIt, char_type>::type(as));
+    return {it.base(), it.count()};
+  }
+
+  std::basic_string<char_type> format(const Args &... args) const {
+    basic_memory_buffer<char_type> buffer;
+    typedef back_insert_range<internal::basic_buffer<char_type>> range;
+    this->vformat_to(range(buffer), *checked_args(format_, args...));
+    return to_string(buffer);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Container>
+  inline typename std::enable_if<is_contiguous<Container>::value,
+                                 std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>::type
+  format_to(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out,
+            const Args &... args) const {
+    internal::container_buffer<Container> buffer(internal::get_container(out));
+    typedef back_insert_range<internal::basic_buffer<char_type>> range;
+    this->vformat_to(range(buffer), *checked_args(format_, args...));
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  template <typename OutputIt>
+  inline OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const Args &... args) const {
+    typedef typename format_context_t<OutputIt, char_type>::type context;
+    typedef output_range<OutputIt, char_type> range;
+    format_arg_store<context, Args...> as(args...);
+    return this->vformat_to(range(out), basic_format_args<context>(as));
+  }
+
+  template <std::size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size>
+  inline typename buffer_context<char_type>::type::iterator
+  format_to(basic_memory_buffer<char_type, SIZE> &buf,
+            const Args &... args) const {
+    typedef back_insert_range<internal::basic_buffer<char_type>> range;
+    return this->vformat_to(range(buf), *checked_args(format_, args...));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  template <typename Range, typename Context>
+  typename Context::iterator vformat_to(Range out,
+                                        basic_format_args<Context> args) const {
+    const auto format_view = internal::to_string_view(format_);
+    Context ctx(out.begin(), format_view, args);
+
+    const auto &parts = parts_provider_.parts();
+    for (auto part_it = parts.begin(); part_it != parts.end(); ++part_it) {
+      const auto &part = *part_it;
+      const auto &value = part.val;
+
+      switch (part.which) {
+      case format_part_t::which_value::text: {
+        const auto text = value.text.to_view(format_view);
+        auto out = ctx.out();
+        auto &&it = internal::reserve(out, text.size());
+        it = std::copy_n(text.begin(), text.size(), it);
+        ctx.advance_to(out);
+      } break;
+
+      case format_part_t::which_value::argument_id: {
+        advance_parse_context_to_specification(ctx, part);
+        format_arg<Range>(ctx, value.arg_id);
+      } break;
+
+      case format_part_t::which_value::named_argument_id: {
+        advance_parse_context_to_specification(ctx, part);
+        const auto named_arg_id = value.named_arg_id.to_view(format_view);
+        format_arg<Range>(ctx, named_arg_id);
+      } break;
+      case format_part_t::which_value::specification: {
+        const auto &arg_id_value = value.spec.arg_id.val;
+        const auto arg =
+            value.spec.arg_id.which ==
+                    format_part_t::argument_id::which_arg_id::index
+                ? ctx.get_arg(arg_id_value.index)
+                : ctx.get_arg(arg_id_value.named_index.to_view(format_));
+
+        auto specs = value.spec.parsed_specs;
+
+        handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(specs.width_,
+                                                     specs.width_ref, ctx);
+        handle_dynamic_spec<internal::precision_checker>(
+            specs.precision, specs.precision_ref, ctx);
+
+        check_prepared_specs(specs, arg.type());
+        advance_parse_context_to_specification(ctx, part);
+        ctx.advance_to(
+            visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<Range>(ctx, &specs), arg));
+      } break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename Context>
+  void advance_parse_context_to_specification(Context &ctx,
+                                              const format_part_t &part) const {
+    const auto view = to_string_view(format_);
+    const auto specification_begin = view.data() + part.end_of_argument_id;
+    ctx.parse_context().advance_to(specification_begin);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Range, typename Context, typename Id>
+  void format_arg(Context &ctx, Id arg_id) const {
+    ctx.parse_context().check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    const auto stopped_at =
+        visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<Range>(ctx), ctx.get_arg(arg_id));
+    ctx.advance_to(stopped_at);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  void check_prepared_specs(
+      const basic_format_specs<Char> &specs, internal::type arg_type) const {
+    internal::error_handler h;
+    numeric_specs_checker<internal::error_handler> checker(h, arg_type);
+    if (specs.align_ == ALIGN_NUMERIC) {
+      checker.require_numeric_argument();
+    }
+
+    if (specs.has(PLUS_FLAG | MINUS_FLAG | SIGN_FLAG)) {
+      checker.check_sign();
+    }
+
+    if (specs.has(HASH_FLAG)) {
+      checker.require_numeric_argument();
+    }
+
+    if (specs.has_precision()) {
+      checker.check_precision();
+    }
+  }
+
+private:
+  Format format_;
+  PreparedPartsProvider parts_provider_;
+};
+
+template <typename Format> class compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider {
+private:
+  typedef FMT_CHAR(Format) char_type;
+
+  class count_handler {
+  private:
+    typedef internal::null_terminating_iterator<char_type> iterator;
+
+  public:
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR count_handler() : counter_(0u) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const char_type *begin, const char_type *end) {
+      if (begin != end) {
+        ++counter_;
+      }
+    }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id() { ++counter_; }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(unsigned) { ++counter_; }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<char_type>) { ++counter_; }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const char_type *) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR const char_type *on_format_specs(const char_type *begin,
+                                                   const char_type *end) {
+      return find_matching_brace(begin, end);
+    }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned result() const { return counter_; }
+
+  private:
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR const char_type *find_matching_brace(const char_type *begin,
+                                                       const char_type *end) {
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const basic_string_view<char_type> text = Format{};
+      unsigned braces_counter{0u};
+      for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
+        if (*begin == '{') {
+          ++braces_counter;
+        } else if (*begin == '}') {
+          if (braces_counter == 0u) {
+            break;
+          }
+          --braces_counter;
+        }
+      }
+
+      return begin;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    unsigned counter_;
+  };
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned count_parts() {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const auto text = to_string_view(Format{});
+    count_handler handler;
+    internal::parse_format_string</*IS_CONSTEXPR=*/true>(text, handler);
+    return handler.result();
+  }
+
+// Workaround for old compilers. Compiletime parts preparation will not be
+// performed with them anyway.
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const unsigned number_of_format_parts =
+      compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider::count_parts();
+#else
+  static const unsigned number_of_format_parts = 0u;
+#endif
+
+ public:
+  template <unsigned N> struct format_parts_array {
+    typedef format_part<char_type> value_type;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR format_parts_array() : arr{} {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value_type &operator[](unsigned ind) { return arr[ind]; }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR const value_type *begin() const { return arr; }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR const value_type *end() const { return begin() + N; }
+
+  private:
+    value_type arr[N];
+  };
+
+  struct empty {
+    // Parts preparator will search for it
+    typedef format_part<char_type> value_type;
+  };
+
+  typedef typename std::conditional<static_cast<bool>(number_of_format_parts),
+                                    format_parts_array<number_of_format_parts>,
+                                    empty>::type type;
+};
+
+template <typename Parts> class compiletime_prepared_parts_collector {
+ private:
+  typedef typename Parts::value_type format_part;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit compiletime_prepared_parts_collector(Parts &parts)
+      : parts_{parts}, counter_{0u} {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void add(format_part part) { parts_[counter_++] = part; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void substitute_last(format_part part) {
+    parts_[counter_ - 1] = part;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part last() { return parts_[counter_ - 1]; }
+
+ private:
+  Parts &parts_;
+  unsigned counter_;
+};
+
+template <typename PartsContainer, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR PartsContainer prepare_parts(basic_string_view<Char> format) {
+  PartsContainer parts;
+  internal::parse_format_string</*IS_CONSTEXPR=*/false>(
+      format, format_preparation_handler<Char, PartsContainer>(format, parts));
+  return parts;
+}
+
+template <typename PartsContainer, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR PartsContainer
+prepare_compiletime_parts(basic_string_view<Char> format) {
+  typedef compiletime_prepared_parts_collector<PartsContainer> collector;
+
+  PartsContainer parts;
+  collector c(parts);
+  internal::parse_format_string</*IS_CONSTEXPR=*/true>(
+      format, format_preparation_handler<Char, collector>(format, c));
+  return parts;
+}
+
+template <typename PartsContainer> class runtime_parts_provider {
+ public:
+  runtime_parts_provider() = delete;
+  template <typename Char>
+  runtime_parts_provider(basic_string_view<Char> format)
+      : parts_(prepare_parts<PartsContainer>(format)) {}
+
+  const PartsContainer &parts() const { return parts_; }
+
+ private:
+  PartsContainer parts_;
+};
+
+template <typename Format, typename PartsContainer>
+struct compiletime_parts_provider {
+  compiletime_parts_provider() = delete;
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR compiletime_parts_provider(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+
+  const PartsContainer &parts() const {
+    static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const PartsContainer prepared_parts =
+        prepare_compiletime_parts<PartsContainer>(
+            internal::to_string_view(Format{}));
+
+    return prepared_parts;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename PartsContainer>
+struct parts_container_concept_check : std::true_type {
+#if FMT_HAS_CONSTRUCTIBLE_TRAITS
+  static_assert(std::is_copy_constructible<PartsContainer>::value,
+                "PartsContainer is not copy constructible");
+  static_assert(std::is_move_constructible<PartsContainer>::value,
+                "PartsContainer is not move constructible");
+#endif
+
+  template <typename T, typename = void>
+  struct has_format_part_type : std::false_type {};
+  template <typename T>
+  struct has_format_part_type<
+      T, typename void_<typename T::format_part_type>::type> : std::true_type {
+  };
+
+  static_assert(has_format_part_type<PartsContainer>::value,
+                "PartsContainer doesn't provide format_part_type typedef");
+
+  struct check_second {};
+  struct check_first : check_second {};
+
+  template <typename T> static std::false_type has_add_check(check_second);
+  template <typename T>
+  static decltype(declval<T>().add(declval<typename T::format_part_type>()),
+                  std::true_type()) has_add_check(check_first);
+  typedef decltype(has_add_check<PartsContainer>(check_first())) has_add;
+  static_assert(has_add::value, "PartsContainer doesn't provide add() method");
+
+  template <typename T> static std::false_type has_last_check(check_second);
+  template <typename T>
+  static decltype(declval<T>().last(),
+                  std::true_type()) has_last_check(check_first);
+  typedef decltype(has_last_check<PartsContainer>(check_first())) has_last;
+  static_assert(has_last::value,
+                "PartsContainer doesn't provide last() method");
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static std::false_type has_substitute_last_check(check_second);
+  template <typename T>
+  static decltype(
+      declval<T>().substitute_last(declval<typename T::format_part_type>()),
+      std::true_type()) has_substitute_last_check(check_first);
+  typedef decltype(has_substitute_last_check<PartsContainer>(
+      check_first())) has_substitute_last;
+  static_assert(has_substitute_last::value,
+                "PartsContainer doesn't provide substitute_last() method");
+
+  template <typename T> static std::false_type has_begin_check(check_second);
+  template <typename T>
+  static decltype(declval<T>().begin(),
+                  std::true_type()) has_begin_check(check_first);
+  typedef decltype(has_begin_check<PartsContainer>(check_first())) has_begin;
+  static_assert(has_begin::value,
+                "PartsContainer doesn't provide begin() method");
+
+  template <typename T> static std::false_type has_end_check(check_second);
+  template <typename T>
+  static decltype(declval<T>().end(),
+                  std::true_type()) has_end_check(check_first);
+  typedef decltype(has_end_check<PartsContainer>(check_first())) has_end;
+  static_assert(has_end::value, "PartsContainer doesn't provide end() method");
+};
+
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename Format, typename /*PartsContainer*/>
+struct parts_provider_type {
+  typedef compiletime_parts_provider<
+      Format, typename compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider<Format>::type>
+      type;
+};
+
+template <typename Format, typename PartsContainer>
+struct parts_provider_type</*IS_CONSTEXPR=*/false, Format, PartsContainer> {
+  static_assert(parts_container_concept_check<PartsContainer>::value,
+                "Parts container doesn't meet the concept");
+  typedef runtime_parts_provider<PartsContainer> type;
+};
+
+template <typename Format, typename PreparedPartsContainer, typename... Args>
+struct basic_prepared_format {
+  typedef internal::prepared_format<Format,
+                                    typename internal::parts_provider_type<
+                                        is_compile_string<Format>::value,
+                                        Format, PreparedPartsContainer>::type,
+                                    Args...>
+      type;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+std::basic_string<Char> to_runtime_format(basic_string_view<Char> format) {
+  return std::basic_string<Char>(format.begin(), format.size());
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+std::basic_string<Char> to_runtime_format(const Char *format) {
+  return std::basic_string<Char>(format);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Container = std::vector<format_part<Char>>>
+class parts_container {
+ public:
+  typedef format_part<Char> format_part_type;
+
+  void add(format_part_type part) { parts_.push_back(std::move(part)); }
+
+  void substitute_last(format_part_type part) {
+    parts_.back() = std::move(part);
+  }
+
+  format_part_type last() { return parts_.back(); }
+
+  auto begin() -> decltype(internal::declval<Container>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.begin();
+  }
+
+  auto begin() const -> decltype(internal::declval<const Container>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.begin();
+  }
+
+  auto end() -> decltype(internal::declval<Container>().end()) {
+    return parts_.end();
+  }
+
+  auto end() const -> decltype(internal::declval<const Container>().end()) {
+    return parts_.end();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Container parts_;
+};
+
+// Delegate preparing to preparator, to take advantage of a partial
+// specialization.
+template <typename Format, typename... Args> struct preparator {
+  typedef parts_container<FMT_CHAR(Format)> container;
+  typedef typename basic_prepared_format<Format, container, Args...>::type
+      prepared_format_type;
+
+  static auto prepare(Format format) -> prepared_format_type {
+    return prepared_format_type(std::move(format));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename PassedFormat, typename PreparedFormatFormat,
+          typename PartsContainer, typename... Args>
+struct preparator<PassedFormat, prepared_format<PreparedFormatFormat,
+                                                PartsContainer, Args...>> {
+  typedef prepared_format<PreparedFormatFormat, PartsContainer, Args...>
+      prepared_format_type;
+
+  static auto prepare(PassedFormat format) -> prepared_format_type {
+    return prepared_format_type(std::move(format));
+  }
+};
+
+struct compiletime_format_tag {};
+struct runtime_format_tag {};
+
+template <typename Format> struct format_tag {
+  typedef typename std::conditional<is_compile_string<Format>::value,
+                                    compiletime_format_tag,
+                                    runtime_format_tag>::type type;
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+template <typename Format, typename... Args>
+auto do_prepare(runtime_format_tag, Format format) {
+  return preparator<Format, Args...>::prepare(std::move(format));
+}
+
+template <typename Format, typename... Args>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_prepare(compiletime_format_tag, const Format &format) {
+  return typename basic_prepared_format<Format, void, Args...>::type(format);
+}
+#else
+template <typename Format, typename... Args>
+auto do_prepare(const Format &format)
+    -> decltype(preparator<Format, Args...>::prepare(format)) {
+  return preparator<Format, Args...>::prepare(format);
+}
+#endif
+} // namespace internal
+
+template <typename Char, typename Container = std::vector<format_part<Char>>>
+struct parts_container {
+  typedef internal::parts_container<Char, Container> type;
+};
+
+template <typename Format, typename PartsContainer, typename... Args>
+struct basic_prepared_format {
+  typedef typename internal::basic_prepared_format<Format, PartsContainer,
+                                                   Args...>::type type;
+};
+
+template <typename... Args> struct prepared_format {
+  typedef typename basic_prepared_format<
+      std::string, typename parts_container<char>::type, Args...>::type type;
+};
+
+template <typename... Args> struct wprepared_format {
+  typedef
+      typename basic_prepared_format<std::wstring,
+                                     typename parts_container<wchar_t>::type,
+                                     Args...>::type type;
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_ALIAS_TEMPLATES
+
+template <typename Char, typename Container = std::vector<format_part<Char>>>
+using parts_container_t = typename parts_container<Char, Container>::type;
+
+template <typename Format, typename PreparedPartsContainer, typename... Args>
+using basic_prepared_format_t =
+    typename basic_prepared_format<Format, PreparedPartsContainer,
+                                   Args...>::type;
+
+template <typename... Args>
+using prepared_format_t =
+    basic_prepared_format_t<std::string, parts_container<char>, Args...>;
+
+template <typename... Args>
+using wprepared_format_t =
+    basic_prepared_format_t<std::wstring, parts_container<wchar_t>, Args...>;
+
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Format>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto prepare(Format format) {
+  return internal::do_prepare<Format, Args...>(
+      typename internal::format_tag<Format>::type{}, std::move(format));
+}
+#else
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Format>
+auto prepare(Format format) ->
+    typename internal::preparator<Format, Args...>::prepared_format_type {
+  return internal::preparator<Format, Args...>::prepare(std::move(format));
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Char>
+auto prepare(const Char *format) ->
+    typename internal::preparator<std::basic_string<Char>,
+                                  Args...>::prepared_format_type {
+  return prepare<Args...>(internal::to_runtime_format(format));
+}
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Char, unsigned N>
+auto prepare(const Char(format)[N]) ->
+    typename internal::preparator<std::basic_string<Char>,
+                                  Args...>::prepared_format_type {
+  const auto view = basic_string_view<Char>(format, N);
+  return prepare<Args...>(internal::to_runtime_format(view));
+}
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Char>
+auto prepare(basic_string_view<Char> format) ->
+    typename internal::preparator<std::basic_string<Char>,
+                                  Args...>::prepared_format_type {
+  return prepare<Args...>(internal::to_runtime_format(format));
+}
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_PREPARE_H_
diff --git a/test/CMakeLists.txt b/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 70e19db7..759b43ed 100644
--- a/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ if (NOT (MSVC AND BUILD_SHARED_LIBS))
 endif ()
 add_fmt_test(locale-test)
 add_fmt_test(ostream-test)
+add_fmt_test(prepare-test)
 add_fmt_test(printf-test)
 add_fmt_test(time-test)
 add_fmt_test(custom-formatter-test)
diff --git a/test/format-test.cc b/test/format-test.cc
index 2ce513b2..70390b03 100644
--- a/test/format-test.cc
+++ b/test/format-test.cc
@@ -2172,9 +2172,9 @@ TEST(FormatTest, ConstexprParseFormatSpecs) {
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("#").res == handler::HASH, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("0").res == handler::ZERO, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("42").width == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_test_specs("{42}").width_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_test_specs("{42}").width_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs(".42").precision == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_test_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_test_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("d").type == 'd', "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("{<").res == handler::ERROR, "");
 }
@@ -2200,6 +2200,8 @@ struct test_context {
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR test_context &parse_context() { return *this; }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR test_context error_handler() { return *this; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *begin() { return FMT_NULL; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *end() { return FMT_NULL; }
 };
 
 template <size_t N>
@@ -2247,11 +2249,11 @@ TEST(FormatTest, ConstexprDynamicSpecsHandler) {
   static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("#").has(fmt::HASH_FLAG), "");
   static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("0").align() == fmt::ALIGN_NUMERIC, "");
   static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("42").width() == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("{}").width_ref.index == 33, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("{42}").width_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("{}").width_ref.val.index == 33, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("{42}").width_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".42").precision == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".{}").precision_ref.index == 33, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".{}").precision_ref.val.index == 33, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("d").type == 'd', "");
 }
 
@@ -2273,9 +2275,9 @@ TEST(FormatTest, ConstexprSpecsChecker) {
   static_assert(check_specs("#").res == handler::HASH, "");
   static_assert(check_specs("0").res == handler::ZERO, "");
   static_assert(check_specs("42").width == 42, "");
-  static_assert(check_specs("{42}").width_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(check_specs("{42}").width_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(check_specs(".42").precision == 42, "");
-  static_assert(check_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(check_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(check_specs("d").type == 'd', "");
   static_assert(check_specs("{<").res == handler::ERROR, "");
 }
diff --git a/test/ostream-test.cc b/test/ostream-test.cc
index b93fedc6..1b1951dd 100644
--- a/test/ostream-test.cc
+++ b/test/ostream-test.cc
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ TEST(OStreamTest, WriteToOStreamMaxSize) {
     EXPECT_CALL(streambuf, xsputn(data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n)))
         .WillOnce(testing::Return(max_streamsize));
     data += n;
-    size -= n;
+    size -= static_cast<std::size_t>(n);
   } while (size != 0);
   fmt::internal::write(os, buffer);
 }
diff --git a/test/prepare-test.cc b/test/prepare-test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1d671e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/prepare-test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - formatting library tests
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to prepare.h.
+
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cfloat>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <deque>
+#include <list>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string>
+
+// Check if fmt/prepare.h compiles with windows.h included before it.
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "fmt/prepare.h"
+#include "gmock.h"
+#include "gtest-extra.h"
+#include "mock-allocator.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#undef ERROR
+#undef min
+#undef max
+
+using testing::Return;
+using testing::StrictMock;
+
+class mock_parts_collector {
+public:
+  MOCK_METHOD1(add, void(fmt::format_part<char>));
+  MOCK_METHOD1(substitute_last, void(fmt::format_part<char>));
+  MOCK_METHOD0(last, fmt::format_part<char>());
+};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+bool operator==(const internal::string_view_metadata &lhs,
+                const internal::string_view_metadata &rhs) {
+  return std::tie(lhs.offset_, lhs.size_) == std::tie(rhs.offset_, rhs.size_);
+}
+bool operator!=(const internal::string_view_metadata &lhs,
+                const internal::string_view_metadata &rhs) {
+  return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+bool operator==(const format_part<char>::specification &lhs,
+                const format_part<char>::specification &rhs) {
+  if (lhs.arg_id.which != rhs.arg_id.which) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  typedef format_part<char>::argument_id::which_arg_id which_arg_id;
+  switch (lhs.arg_id.which) {
+  case which_arg_id::index: {
+    if (lhs.arg_id.val.index != rhs.arg_id.val.index) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  } break;
+  case which_arg_id::named_index: {
+    if (lhs.arg_id.val.named_index != rhs.arg_id.val.named_index) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  } break;
+  }
+
+  return std::tie(lhs.parsed_specs.width_, lhs.parsed_specs.fill_,
+                  lhs.parsed_specs.align_, lhs.parsed_specs.precision,
+                  lhs.parsed_specs.flags, lhs.parsed_specs.type) ==
+         std::tie(rhs.parsed_specs.width_, rhs.parsed_specs.fill_,
+                  rhs.parsed_specs.align_, rhs.parsed_specs.precision,
+                  rhs.parsed_specs.flags, rhs.parsed_specs.type);
+}
+
+bool operator!=(const format_part<char>::specification &lhs,
+                const format_part<char>::specification &rhs) {
+  return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+bool operator==(const format_part<char> &lhs,
+                const fmt::format_part<char> &rhs) {
+  typedef format_part<char>::which_value which_value;
+
+  if (lhs.which != rhs.which ||
+      lhs.end_of_argument_id != rhs.end_of_argument_id) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  switch (lhs.which) {
+  case which_value::argument_id: {
+    return lhs.val.arg_id == rhs.val.arg_id;
+  }
+
+  case which_value::named_argument_id: {
+    return lhs.val.named_arg_id == rhs.val.named_arg_id;
+  }
+
+  case which_value::text: {
+    return lhs.val.text == rhs.val.text;
+  }
+
+  case which_value::specification: {
+    return lhs.val.spec == rhs.val.spec;
+  }
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool operator!=(const fmt::format_part<char> &lhs,
+                const fmt::format_part<char> &rhs) {
+  return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, FormatPart_ComparisonOperators) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef fmt::internal::dynamic_format_specs<char> prepared_specs;
+
+  {
+    const auto part = format_part(0u);
+    const auto other = format_part(0u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(part, other);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto lhs = format_part(0u);
+    const auto rhs = format_part(1u);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto lhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    const auto rhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto lhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    const auto rhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 4422));
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    auto lhs = format_part(0u);
+    auto rhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    rhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 0));
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    auto lhs = format_part(0u);
+    lhs.end_of_argument_id = 42;
+    auto rhs = format_part(0u);
+    rhs.end_of_argument_id = 42;
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+    rhs.end_of_argument_id = 13;
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto specs_argument_id = 0u;
+    const auto specs_named_argument_id =
+        fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42);
+    auto specs = format_part::specification(0u);
+    auto lhs = format_part(specs);
+    auto rhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+
+    const auto specs_text = fmt::string_view("<10");
+    specs.parsed_specs = prepared_specs();
+    lhs = format_part(specs);
+    rhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+
+    specs = format_part::specification(specs_named_argument_id);
+    lhs = format_part(specs);
+    rhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+
+    specs.parsed_specs = prepared_specs();
+    lhs = format_part(specs);
+    rhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+
+    auto lhs_spec = format_part::specification(specs_argument_id);
+    auto rhs_spec = format_part::specification(specs_named_argument_id);
+    lhs = format_part(lhs_spec);
+    rhs = format_part(rhs_spec);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+
+    const auto lhs_specs_text = fmt::string_view("<10");
+    const auto rhs_specs_text = fmt::string_view("<42");
+    lhs_spec = format_part::specification(specs_argument_id);
+    rhs_spec = format_part::specification(specs_argument_id);
+    lhs_spec.parsed_specs.precision = 1;
+    rhs_spec.parsed_specs.precision = 2;
+    lhs = format_part(lhs_spec);
+    rhs = format_part(rhs_spec);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto specs_text = fmt::string_view{"<10"};
+    const auto specs_argument_id = 0u;
+    const auto specs_named_argument_id =
+        fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42);
+    auto specs = format_part::specification(specs_argument_id);
+    auto lhs = format_part(specs);
+    auto rhs = format_part(0u);
+    auto rhs2 = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs2);
+
+    specs.parsed_specs = prepared_specs();
+    lhs = format_part{specs};
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs2);
+
+    specs = format_part::specification(specs_named_argument_id);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs2);
+
+    specs.parsed_specs = prepared_specs();
+    lhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs2);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, FormatPreparationHandler_OnText_AddsPartWithText) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef StrictMock<mock_parts_collector> parts_mock;
+
+  parts_mock parts;
+  const auto format = fmt::internal::to_string_view("text");
+  fmt::internal::format_preparation_handler<char, parts_mock> handler(format,
+                                                                      parts);
+
+  const auto expected_text = fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(
+      0u, static_cast<unsigned>(format.size()));
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, add(format_part(expected_text)));
+
+  handler.on_text(format.begin(), format.end());
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, FormatPreparationHandler_OnArgId_AddsPartWithIncrementedId) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef StrictMock<mock_parts_collector> parts_mock;
+
+  parts_mock parts;
+  const auto format = fmt::internal::to_string_view("");
+  fmt::internal::format_preparation_handler<char, parts_mock> handler(format,
+                                                                      parts);
+
+  const auto expected_first_arg_id = 0u;
+  const auto expected_second_arg_id = 1u;
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, add(format_part(expected_first_arg_id)));
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, add(format_part(expected_second_arg_id)));
+
+  handler.on_arg_id();
+  handler.on_arg_id();
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, FormatPreparationHandler_OnArgId_AddsPartWithPassedId) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef StrictMock<mock_parts_collector> parts_mock;
+
+  parts_mock parts;
+  const auto format = fmt::internal::to_string_view("");
+  fmt::internal::format_preparation_handler<char, parts_mock> handler(format,
+                                                                      parts);
+
+  const auto expected_first_arg_id = 2u;
+  const auto expected_second_arg_id = 0u;
+  const auto expected_third_arg_id = 1u;
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, add(format_part(expected_first_arg_id)));
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, add(format_part(expected_second_arg_id)));
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, add(format_part(expected_third_arg_id)));
+
+  handler.on_arg_id(expected_first_arg_id);
+  handler.on_arg_id(expected_second_arg_id);
+  handler.on_arg_id(expected_third_arg_id);
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, FormatPreparationHandler_OnArgId_AddsPartWithPassedNamedId) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef format_part::named_argument_id named_argument_id;
+  typedef StrictMock<mock_parts_collector> parts_mock;
+
+  parts_mock parts;
+  const auto format = fmt::internal::to_string_view("0123456789");
+  fmt::internal::format_preparation_handler<char, parts_mock> handler(format,
+                                                                      parts);
+
+  const auto expected_first_arg_id = fmt::string_view(format.data(), 1);
+  const auto expected_first_arg_view_metadata =
+      fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 1);
+  const auto expected_second_arg_id = fmt::string_view(format.data() + 3, 2);
+  const auto expected_second_arg_view_metadata =
+      fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(3, 2);
+  const auto expected_third_arg_id = fmt::string_view(format.data() + 6, 3);
+  const auto expected_third_arg_view_metadata =
+      fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(6, 3);
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, add(format_part(
+                         named_argument_id(expected_first_arg_view_metadata))));
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      parts,
+      add(format_part(named_argument_id(expected_second_arg_view_metadata))));
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, add(format_part(
+                         named_argument_id(expected_third_arg_view_metadata))));
+
+  handler.on_arg_id(expected_first_arg_id);
+  handler.on_arg_id(expected_second_arg_id);
+  handler.on_arg_id(expected_third_arg_id);
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest,
+     FormatPreparationHandler_OnReplacementField_SetsEndOfArgumentId) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef StrictMock<mock_parts_collector> parts_mock;
+
+  const auto format = fmt::internal::to_string_view("{:<}");
+  parts_mock parts;
+
+  const auto last_part = format_part(0u);
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, last()).WillOnce(Return(last_part));
+
+  auto expected_substitution_part = last_part;
+  expected_substitution_part.end_of_argument_id = 1;
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, substitute_last(expected_substitution_part));
+
+  fmt::internal::format_preparation_handler<char, parts_mock> handler(format,
+                                                                      parts);
+
+  handler.on_replacement_field(format.data() + 1);
+}
+
+TEST(
+    PrepareTest,
+    FormatPreparationHandlerLastPartArgIndex_OnFormatSpecs_UpdatesLastAddedPart) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef StrictMock<mock_parts_collector> parts_mock;
+
+  parts_mock parts;
+  const auto specification_test_text = fmt::internal::to_string_view("{:<10}");
+  const auto specification_offset = 2u;
+  const auto specification_begin_it =
+      specification_test_text.begin() + specification_offset;
+  fmt::internal::format_preparation_handler<char, parts_mock> handler(
+      specification_test_text, parts);
+
+  const auto last_part = format_part(0u);
+  format_part::specification expected_specification(0u);
+  fmt::internal::dynamic_format_specs<char> specs{};
+  specs.align_ = fmt::alignment::ALIGN_LEFT;
+  specs.width_ = 10;
+  expected_specification.parsed_specs = specs;
+
+  auto expected_substitution_part = format_part(expected_specification);
+  expected_substitution_part.end_of_argument_id = specification_offset;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, last()).WillOnce(Return(last_part));
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, substitute_last(expected_substitution_part));
+
+  handler.on_format_specs(specification_begin_it,
+                          specification_test_text.end());
+}
+
+TEST(
+    PrepareTest,
+    FormatPreparationHandlerLastPartNamedArgIndex_OnFormatSpecs_UpdatesLastAddedPart) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef StrictMock<mock_parts_collector> parts_mock;
+
+  parts_mock parts;
+  const auto specification_test_text = fmt::internal::to_string_view("{:<10}");
+  const auto specification_offset = 2u;
+  const auto specification_begin_it =
+      specification_test_text.begin() + specification_offset;
+  fmt::internal::format_preparation_handler<char, parts_mock> handler(
+      specification_test_text, parts);
+
+  const auto arg_id = fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42);
+  const auto last_part = format_part(format_part::named_argument_id(arg_id));
+  format_part::specification expected_specification(arg_id);
+  fmt::internal::dynamic_format_specs<char> specs{};
+  specs.align_ = fmt::alignment::ALIGN_LEFT;
+  specs.width_ = 10;
+  expected_specification.parsed_specs = specs;
+
+  auto expected_substitution_part = format_part(expected_specification);
+  expected_substitution_part.end_of_argument_id = specification_offset;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, last()).WillOnce(Return(last_part));
+  EXPECT_CALL(parts, substitute_last(expected_substitution_part));
+
+  handler.on_format_specs(specification_begin_it,
+                          specification_test_text.end());
+}
+
+// compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider is useful only with relaxed
+// constexpr.
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+template <unsigned EXPECTED_PARTS_COUNT, typename Format>
+void check_prepared_parts_type(Format format) {
+  typedef fmt::internal::compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider<decltype(
+      format)>
+      provider;
+  typedef typename provider::template format_parts_array<EXPECTED_PARTS_COUNT>
+      expected_parts_type;
+  static_assert(
+      std::is_same<typename provider::type, expected_parts_type>::value,
+      "CompileTimePreparedPartsTypeProvider test failed");
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, CompileTimePreparedPartsTypeProvider) {
+  check_prepared_parts_type<1u>(FMT_STRING("text"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<1u>(FMT_STRING("{}"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("text{}"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("{}text"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<3u>(FMT_STRING("text{}text"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<3u>(FMT_STRING("{:{}.{}} {:{}}"));
+
+  check_prepared_parts_type<3u>(FMT_STRING("{{{}}}"));  // '{', 'argument', '}'
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("text{{"));  // 'text', '{'
+  check_prepared_parts_type<3u>(FMT_STRING("text{{ ")); // 'text', '{', ' '
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("}}text"));  // '}', text
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("text}}text")); // 'text}', 'text'
+  check_prepared_parts_type<4u>(
+      FMT_STRING("text{{}}text")); // 'text', '{', '}', 'text'
+}
+#endif
+
+// Use the struct instead of a function to workaround GCC 4.4's 'sorry,
+// unimplemented: mangling template_id_expr' issue.
+template <typename... Args> struct copied_prepared_format_creator {
+  static decltype(fmt::prepare<Args...>(fmt::internal::declval<std::string>()))
+  make(std::string format_str) {
+    auto prepared_format = fmt::prepare<Args...>(std::move(format_str));
+    auto copied_prepared_format = prepared_format;
+    prepared_format = fmt::prepare<Args...>("");
+
+    return copied_prepared_format;
+  }
+};
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, CopyPreparedFormat_InternalStringViewsAreNotInvalidated) {
+  auto prepared = copied_prepared_format_creator<int, std::string>::make(
+      "before {} middle {} after");
+  EXPECT_EQ("before 42 middle text after", prepared.format(42, "text"));
+
+  prepared = copied_prepared_format_creator<int, std::string>::make(
+      "before {0} middle {1} after");
+  EXPECT_EQ("before 42 middle text after", prepared.format(42, "text"));
+
+  {
+    typedef decltype(fmt::arg("first", 42)) argument0;
+    typedef decltype(fmt::arg("second", "text")) argument1;
+    auto named_prepared =
+        copied_prepared_format_creator<argument0, argument1>::make(
+            "before {first} middle {second} after");
+    EXPECT_EQ("before 42 middle text after",
+              named_prepared.format(fmt::arg("first", 42),
+                                    fmt::arg("second", "text")));
+  }
+  {
+    typedef decltype(fmt::arg("value", "12345")) argument0;
+    typedef decltype(fmt::arg("width", 10)) argument1;
+    auto named_prepared =
+        copied_prepared_format_creator<argument0, argument1>::make(
+            ">>>{value:>{width}}<<<");
+    EXPECT_EQ(">>>     12345<<<",
+              named_prepared.format(fmt::arg("value", "12345"),
+                                    fmt::arg("width", 10)));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(PepareTest, ReusedPreparedFormatType) {
+  typedef fmt::prepared_format<std::string, int>::type prepared_format;
+
+  prepared_format prepared = fmt::prepare<prepared_format>("The {} is {}.");
+  EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42.", prepared.format("answer", 42));
+  prepared = fmt::prepare<prepared_format>("40 {} 2 = {}");
+  EXPECT_EQ("40 + 2 = 42", prepared.format("+", 42));
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, UserProvidedPartsContainerUnderlyingContainer) {
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef fmt::parts_container<char, std::list<format_part>>::type
+      parts_container;
+  typedef fmt::basic_prepared_format<std::string, parts_container, std::string,
+                                     int>::type prepared_format;
+
+  prepared_format prepared = fmt::prepare<prepared_format>("The {} is {}.");
+  EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42.", prepared.format("answer", 42));
+  prepared = fmt::prepare<prepared_format>("40 {} 2 = {}");
+  EXPECT_EQ("40 + 2 = 42", prepared.format("+", 42));
+}
+
+class custom_parts_container {
+public:
+  typedef fmt::format_part<char> format_part_type;
+
+private:
+  typedef std::deque<format_part_type> parts;
+
+public:
+  void add(format_part_type part) { parts_.push_back(std::move(part)); }
+
+  void substitute_last(format_part_type part) {
+    parts_.back() = std::move(part);
+  }
+
+  format_part_type last() { return parts_.back(); }
+
+  auto begin() -> decltype(fmt::internal::declval<parts>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.begin();
+  }
+
+  auto begin() const
+      -> decltype(fmt::internal::declval<const parts>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.begin();
+  }
+
+  auto end() -> decltype(fmt::internal::declval<parts>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.end();
+  }
+
+  auto end() const -> decltype(fmt::internal::declval<const parts>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.end();
+  }
+
+private:
+  parts parts_;
+};
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, UserProvidedPartsContainer) {
+  typedef fmt::basic_prepared_format<std::string, custom_parts_container,
+                                     std::string, int>::type prepared_format;
+
+  prepared_format prepared = fmt::prepare<prepared_format>("The {} is {}.");
+  EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42.", prepared.format("answer", 42));
+  prepared = fmt::prepare<prepared_format>("40 {} 2 = {}");
+  EXPECT_EQ("40 + 2 = 42", prepared.format("+", 42));
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, PassConstCharPointerFormat) {
+  const char *c_format = "test {}";
+  const auto prepared = fmt::prepare<int>(c_format);
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", prepared.format(42));
+  const wchar_t *wc_format = L"test {}";
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::prepare<int>(wc_format);
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", wprepared.format(42));
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, PassCharArrayFormat) {
+  char c_format[] = "test {}";
+  const auto prepared = fmt::prepare<int>(c_format);
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", prepared.format(42));
+  wchar_t wc_format[] = L"test {}";
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::prepare<int>(wc_format);
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", wprepared.format(42));
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, PassConstCharArrayFormat) {
+  const char c_format[] = "test {}";
+  const auto prepared = fmt::prepare<int>(c_format);
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", prepared.format(42));
+  const wchar_t wc_format[] = L"test {}";
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::prepare<int>(wc_format);
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", wprepared.format(42));
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, PassStringLiteralFormat) {
+  const auto prepared = fmt::prepare<int>("test {}");
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", prepared.format(42));
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::prepare<int>(L"test {}");
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", wprepared.format(42));
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, PassStringViewFormat) {
+  const auto prepared =
+      fmt::prepare<int>(fmt::basic_string_view<char>("test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", prepared.format(42));
+  const auto wprepared =
+      fmt::prepare<int>(fmt::basic_string_view<wchar_t>(L"test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", wprepared.format(42));
+}
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, PassBasicStringFormat) {
+  const auto prepared = fmt::prepare<int>(std::string("test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", prepared.format(42));
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::prepare<int>(std::wstring(L"test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", wprepared.format(42));
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+TEST(PrepareTest, PassCompileString) {
+  const auto prepared = fmt::prepare<int>(FMT_STRING("test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", prepared.format(42));
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::prepare<int>(FMT_STRING(L"test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", wprepared.format(42));
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename T> struct user_allocator {
+  typedef T value_type;
+  typedef value_type *pointer;
+  typedef const value_type *const_pointer;
+  typedef value_type &reference;
+  typedef const value_type &const_reference;
+  typedef std::size_t size_type;
+  typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+
+  template <typename U> struct rebind { typedef user_allocator<U> other; };
+
+  user_allocator() = default;
+  ~user_allocator() = default;
+  template <typename U> user_allocator(const user_allocator<U> &) {}
+
+  pointer allocate(size_type cnt,
+                   typename std::allocator<void>::const_pointer = 0) {
+    return new value_type[cnt];
+  }
+
+  void deallocate(pointer p, size_type cnt) { delete[] p; }
+
+  void construct(pointer p, const value_type &val) { new (p) value_type(val); }
+
+  void destroy(pointer p) { (*p).~value_type(); }
+
+  bool operator==(const user_allocator &other) const { return true; }
+  bool operator!=(const user_allocator &other) const { return false; }
+};
+
+TEST(PrepareTest, PassUserTypeFormat) {
+  typedef std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, user_allocator<char>>
+      user_format;
+  const auto prepared = fmt::prepare<int>(user_format("test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", prepared.format(42));
+}